
Why Tiny Minerals Matter to Big Technology Oil once defined the vocabulary of strategic resources. Today, some of the most consequential materials in the global economy are far less glamorous. They can fit into a laboratory container, appear as obscure entries on a periodic table and rarely make the evening news. Yet gallium and germanium sit inside technologies that increasingly define economic and national security — from semiconductors and optical communications to defence electronics, infrared systems and advanced energy technologies. For India, their importance is growing at precisely the moment the country is trying to build semiconductor manufacturing, expand high-technology production and strengthen domestic defence capabilities. The uncomfortable question is therefore not simply whether India has enough minerals. It is whether India can build a reliable supply chain from mineral resources to refined material to finished technology. Why gallium and germanium matter India’s Ministry of Mines included both gallium and germanium in its official list of 30 critical minerals released in 2023. The classification reflects their importance to strategic industries and the risks associated with concentrated supply chains. Gallium is particularly important for compound semiconductors such as gallium arsenide (GaAs) and gallium nitride (GaN). These materials have applications in high-frequency
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